Prajapita Brahma Kumaris Ishwariya Vishwa Vidyalaya or Brahma Kumaris World Spiritual University is a monastic, renunciants or semi-monastic Millenarian New Religious Movement (NRM) of Indian origin." It teaches a form of meditation called Raja Yoga, although not classical Raja Yoga as described by Patanjali, involving spirit possession and mediumistic channelling
Early history
In 1932, Lekhraj Khubechand Kirpalani (1885-1969, the BKWSU claims 1879) retired from business in Calcutta, returned to Hyderabad, Sindh in North-West India, and started holding satsang. A follower of the Vaishnavite Vallabhacharya Sect and member of the exogamous Bhaiband community, Kirpalani is said to have had 12 gurus. After three years, the group around him grew to about 500. In 1935, the group registered as a private institution called Om Mandli headed by a committee of 9, and subsequently 17 women members. Followers of the group called themselves Prajapati Brahma-kumaris.Controversy over Om Mandli's activities developed shortly after the group founded a school called Om Nivas for the children of order members. Kirpalani preached to the women simplicity and the "abandonment of sordid affairs." He was an outspoken critic of the Bhaibund community, which he considered to be depraved.
The official history states that Om Mandli was founded in either 1936, although earlier records state August 1938 Kripalani was said to have had visions of the destruction of the world through civil war, natural disaster and finally Nuclear Holocaust, one of Earth in a paradiscal state, and another of himself as the Hindu god Vishnu. It is claimed that Lekhraj then had the experience of a spirit being entering him and speaking through his body.Believing this being to be God, it was recalled in a BKWSU publication that his eyes glowed red and all the room around him.
Controversy and legal opposition arose between Kirpalani and the Bhaibund community in 1938 that grew to involve the Minister of Law and Order of the Sind Government and Hindu Independence Party. Under his influence one of Kirpalani's daughter left her husband, the son of an important member of the community. Another of his daughters was married outside of the community against its wishes. Three married women followers refused conjugal rights to their husbands. A widow left her family to join the group. Kirpalani was accused of forming a cult and controlling his community through the art of hypnotism, children were removed from his school. Lekhraj had described sex as "poison", "criminal assault," and "the gateway to hell". The main complaint was that Om Mandli was preaching celibacy to unmarried girls and married women.
Amid picketing, physical attacks and a flurry of legal actions from opponents and due to continuing opposition from their own families and local communities, the Om Mandali members left Hyderabad, Sindh establishing a new ashram in Karachi. The Anti-Om Mandli Committee that had opposed the group in Hyderabad followed them. After fourteen years, God told Kripalani that the gathering should move from Karachi to their current location in Mount Abu, Rajasthan in April, a Hindu pilgrimage site with temples dating back to the 1300s.
Expansion
Om Shanti Bawan, the main hall at the Brahma Kumaris headquartersWhere they had originally sought to escape the corruption, and perhaps more importantly, the persecution of the outside world, beginning in the 1950s the BK began a vigorous internationalisation programme involving various forms of proselyting activity, establishing centers across India with female teachers. The leadership of the BK movement remains primarily female however in the UK, for example, as many as 1/3 of the 42 centres are run by brothers. From approximately 300 individuals from a single community, the organisation has, according to their website, expanded to more than 8,500 Raja Yoga centres in 90 countries. Chryssides (in 1999) gives a figure of regular students outside India as 5,715 and within the UK of 1,200.
Activities
The Brahma Kumaris continue conducting their traditional seven one-hour-long courses in their philosophy and open-eyed meditation. An organisation that once referred to membership as "death-in-life" now, whilst still speaking in such terms to some extent, offers "Success in life" or "Empowerment in life" to outsiders through courses in 'Positive thinking' and 'Self Management Leadership', as well helping to found initiatives such as 'Living Values'. This was a forerunner to the Living Values Education Programme.
The Brahma Kumaris have also instigated a number of voluntary outreach programmes in prisons, homes for the elderly, drug clinics and hospitals promoting their practises.
On the periphery, the terminology of the New age is deployed and the University is keen to market itself at Mind, Body and Spirit fairs. Here, the Destruction of the world prophesied by the University's founder is repackaged as 'the New Age" or "World Transformation" whilst the University's emphasis on undergoing death-in-life gives way to an emphasis on personal empowerment. Professor Emeritus Frank Whaling noted "the spectacle of the University which has the word 'spiritual' written into its very name is now increasingly involved in frenetic activity on behalf of the world that is deemed to be beyond redemption in its present form." Great emphasis is placed on the value of bringing converts into the movement, particularly converts who stick. Students are required to make efforts to serve the organisation and obey its rules. Service requires active support of the movement, especially participating in its many proselytizing activities.
Lifestyle
The movement teaches that the world is approaching a time of great change that will be heralded by war, natural calamities and suffering. As a form of developing inner spiritual resilience the Brahma Kumaris adopt a disciplined lifestyle that involves:
Absolute/Complete (extreme and uncompromising)celibacy including no sex within marriage. So long as chastity is followed marriage and family life will be allowed.
Sattvic vegetarianism, a strict lacto-vegetarian diet (excluding eggs, onions, garlic and/or spicy food) cooked only by the self or other BKs ('Soul Conscious')
Keeping a "Daily Chart" or journal as a means of spiritual self-progress.
Abstaining from alcohol, tobacco and non-prescription drugs.
A high degree of physical cleanliness.
Regular early morning meditation at 4.00[58] to 4.45 am, called 'Amrit Vela'
Regular morning class at approximately 6:30 a.m.
'Traffic Control', being moments of meditation interspersed throughout the day
Men and women traditionally sit on separate sides of the room at the centres during classes.
BK's can be identified by their frequent adoption of wearing white clothes.
Companions (friends/family) should be good (satsang) soul-aware yogis as opposed to bhogis, those given over to worldly pleasures.
The Brahma Kumaris has at its core 'surrendered' women and men who have either left or never entered family life and live as centrewassis (living in BK centres). The movement is eager to hold on to recruits and to reclaim those who have fallen away.
Lay members are those who live with their 'worldy' families and have a more atomic involvement. For these persons sexuality is no longer an issue as they are primarily widows or in their middle years.
Beliefs
"Divine Decree. A Revelation as to How and Through which Divine Dictator Bharat attains complete Self-Rule". Prajapati Brahma-kumaris, Karachi. 1943In 1952, after a 14 year period of retreat during which Kirpalani published numerous pamphlets, newspaper articles and wrote letters to important national and international figures, a more structured form of teaching began to be offered to the public by way of a seven lesson course. The movement has distinguished itself from Hinduism and projects itself as a vehicle for spiritual teaching rather than a religion. According to Dr. Kranenborg and O'Donnell. It has distinguished itself as being separate from Hinduism Other beliefs include:
God
"Truth about The Creator and The Creation"Between 1939 and 1949 the organisation stated that Lekhraj Kirpalani was thought to be the God taking the name Prajapati Brahma, God the Creator in Hinduism.
At some point later, this was revised to claim that God Shiva, or the ‘Supreme Soul’, possessed or entered Kirpalani in 1936 and started to teach humanity verbally. Contrary to the traditional view of the Hindu deity Shiva, Shiva is claimed to be an eternal and benevolent point of conscious energy, the embodiment of love, knowledge and truth and beyond gender. BKs do not subscribe to God being omnipresent. Matter and human souls are also eternal and neither are created by God nor do they emerge from God. BKs also
consider God’s roles to be creator, preserver and destroyer, through the symbol of the Trimurti repainted to use Lekhraj Kripalani's image for all three deities. The name Brahma Kumari followers use for God is ‘Shiva’ meaning The Benevolent One or, as a term of endearment, "Shiv Baba".
The Self
BKs believe that human and even animal souls are also an infinitesimal point of spiritual light residing in the forehead of the body it occupies. They say that souls originally exist
with God in a "Soul World", a world of infinite light, peace and silence otherwise known as Nirvana. Here the souls are in a state of rest and is beyond experience. Souls enter bodies to take birth in order to experience life and give expression to their personality. Unlike other Eastern Religions, the BKWSU teaches that the soul does not transmigrate into other species and does not evolve but rather birth after birth. Within this "point of light" all aspects of the personality are contained and it enters the human body in the 4th to 5th month of pregnancy.
Cycle of Time
"Key to World Sovereignity, How the Preordained World Drama Repeats Every Kalpa (5000
years)". Prajapati Brahma-kumaris, Karachi. 1949Brahma Kumaris teach that time is cyclic, repeating identically every 5,000 years, and comprises five ages (yugas): the Golden Age (Sat Yuga), the Silver Age (Treta Yuga), the Copper Age (Dwapar Yuga), the Iron Age (Kali Yuga) each exactly 1,250 years long and Confluence Age (Sangam Yuga). The Confluence Age is said to be 100 years long, from the descent of Shiva in 1936, during which present day civilisation is to be completely destroyed by natural disasters, civil and nuclear war with the death of 6 Billion which is generally hidden from non-members . They further believe that during the first half of the cycle, procreation is possible without sexual intercourse, and through the power of yoga. However, the Universe is never transformed into the primordial or atomic state matter and nor does the world ever become devoid of human beings.
Tree of Humanit
The Brahma Kumaris teach that all of life will die and return to Nirvana, then take birth in the forthcoming cycle at their predestined time and place. This is portrayed as the "Kalpa Vriksha Tree", or the "Tree of Humanity", in which the founder Lekhraj Kirpalani and his BK followers are shown as the roots of the humanity. BKs go on to enjoy 2,500 years of paradise before humanity splits and the religious founders incarnate. Each creates their own branch and brings with them their own followers from the Infinite Light, until they too decline and splits, schisms, cults and sects appear at the end of the Iron Age.
It is shown that following the birth of their founder as Krishna at the start of the Golden Age, he becomes Emperor Narayan. The initial population will comprise of 900,000 BKs reborn as deities. In one of a number of failed predications of the end of the world, BKs believed during late 1940s that the year 1950 would see the destruction of the world through atomic war and the end of "innumerable Western and Eastern irreligions".
"The Kalpa Vriksha Tree is 5000 Years Old". Prajapati Brahma-kumaris, Karachi "estd by Divine Father God Brahma, The Creator, The Seed of Humanity". 1949The aim of BK is to gain a high status in the coming paradise, perhaps even a select 108 who are 'totally victorious' and will rule there. It is believed that members of the physical families of BKs who have contact with the University will become members of the 16,000 top souls. At the end of each Cycle, it is believed that everyone will see visions in which their personal destinies will be fully disclosed.
BK Raja Yoga Meditation
"Members are encouraged to purify their minds by the practise of Raja Yoga. This can entail sitting tranquilly, in front of a screen which Dada Lehkraj's picture projected, then making a number of "affirmations," regarding the eternal nature of the soul, the original purity of one's nature, and the nature of God. The practise of Raja Yoga is believed to enable spiritual progress, but it also has pragmatic benefits, for example, business success. Not infrequently BKs organize seminars on business management and on developing personal life skills."
Lawrence Babbs described another practise where "the student or students sit in a semi-darkened room facing the teacher (usually a woman). Just above and behind the teacher's head is a red plastic ovoid that glows from a lightbulb within, in its center is a tiny hole which appears as an intense whitelight against the red glow. This device represents the Supreme Soul (known as Shiv Baba) who is the presiding deity of the universe. With devotional songs playing softly in the background, student and teacher gaze intently at each other, either in the eyes or at the forehead. While doing this the student is supposed to imagine him or herself as a soul and not as a body. The student is told to think of themself as separate from the body, as bodiless, as light, as power, as bathed in the love and light of the Supreme Soul, and so on. This might continue for fifteen or twenty minutes".
While staring (gazing into the eyes of an adept) at the teacher, many students experience visual hallucinations involving lights.
Murlis
Unlike traditional forms of Hinduism, the Brahma Kumaris' teachings come not so much from ancient scriptures but from revelations given in trance states. However, the mediumistic messages known by BKs as "Murlis" read at the 6.30 am meetings are slowly developing the nature of potential scriptures. The earlier ones channelled by Lekhraj Kirpalani while he was alive, are now repeated in a five year cycle. They are supplemented by later murlis channelled by Dadi Gulzar of Delhi in trance states, and these too are written down.
There are two types of mediumistic messages; ‘sakar’ and ‘avyakt’;
Sakar Murlis refer to the original classes claimed to be spoken by "Shiva" through the medium of Lekhraj Kirpalani in the 1960’s, before he died of a heart attack on 18 January 1969[89]. These include teachings by Shiva and the life of personal experience of Kirpalani.
Avyakt Vanis, or Murlis, refer to the teachings of Shiva and the soul of the deceased Lekhraj Kirpalani combined through a medium named Hirday Mohini, or "Dadi Gulzar".The BKs believe that the soul of Lekhraj Kirpalani has become perfect and now has the role of an angel. These messages are understood by members of the BKWSU to be the words of God. The Murli's are what the Brahma Kumaris use to direct their personal spiritual effort and institutional service.
The Murlis have been removed for sale or general public circulation,and one must complete the Brahma Kumaris foundation course in order to attend morning murli class and the headquarters in India during the period when founder communicates via trance-medium
One must complete the Brahma Kumaris foundation course before starting to attend morning murli class and visiting the headquarters in India during the period when the founder communicates via trance-medium
Central beliefs
Central to its faith are the beliefs that:
View of Christianity
Contrary to the beliefs of Christianity, just as the BKWSU claims God the Father was now sharing a body with Brahma Baba, in the same way Christ had entered the body of Jesus. The groups says it was Jesus who suffered on the cross, not Christ. Christ, the pure Son of God left the body early and went to take rebirth to help guide his fledgling religion into maturity. They claim that many more secrets about Christ and the other religious founders have been revealed by Baba.
Attitudes toward sex
According to the movement, male domination of women in the sexual relationship is the parent of all other vices and the prime cause of the unhappy state of humanity.Through sexual renunciation, the Brahma Kumaris seek the power to make themselves free in a world that they themselves create by means of their power. Celibacy keeps women free from the bondage of husband, family and society. Sexual passion, more than anything else, entrenches and confirms in our false identification with the body therefore celibacy plays a vital role in liberating women. However, only 18% of BKWSU followers felt that the movement was effective in raising its voice against atrocities against women.
Achievements
In India, the BKWSU is particularly noted for its charitable Village Outreach Programme administered by the J.Wattammull Memorial Global Hospital and Research Centre (GHRC), established in 1991, also located in Mount Abu. In 2004, the Brahma Kumaris established the G.V. Mody Rural Health Care Centre & Eye Hospital, located at the base of Mount Abu.
The Brahma Kumaris World Spiritual University is an international non–governmental organization (NGO) in general consultative status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations and UNICEF. It is also affiliated to the UN Department of Public Information.
The Brahma Kumaris have undertaken two major international projects; ‘The Million Minutes for Peace’ in 1986 for which they received 7 Peace Messenger Awards and ‘Global Cooperation for a Better World’ in 1988.
The organization now has 100s of branches internationally and ;
Splinter movements
The Advance Party
Walliss mentions the advent of a breakaway movement referring to one of them as the Advance Party[106] elsewhere they are referred to the Prajapita Brahma Kumaris or PBKs. He goes on to state that as Lekhraj Kirpalani's original message of separation, spiritual introversion and violent destruction becomes repackaged as the emergence of a New Age through self-understanding and self-development, this direction has caused discontent within certain segments of the Brahma Kumari movement, likening them to the "Protestant Reformers to the mediaeval Catholic Church". The most vocal of splinter group, the "Advance Party" offer a radicalise rendition of the BKWSU's original millenarian message. In particular, they are exceptionally hostile to the University's New Age and UN involvement.
Walliss goes on to state that the PBKs claim that Shiva is now manifesting Himself through a different medium to correctly interpret the original teachings, claiming that it was Brahma Baba's business partner Sevak Ram who was the original medium. PBKs report hostility and resistance from the BKWSU, Walliss meeting with a wall of silence and irate phone call from the University threatening him that the BKWSU would "block [him] every step of the way if [he] persisted along this line of investigation". The University restricting its member's "knowledge and access to the group so as to prevent any further defections." Founder Baba Dev Dixit was debarred from the BKWSU.
Within the Brahma Kumaris' theodicy, the Advance Party' are the group of pure souls who arrive on the earth at the start of the Golden Age to prepare the way for the other souls. The breakaway group's use of the name is seen within the BKWSU as impertinent and they therefore refer to them as the 'Shankar Party'[citation needed].
The Atman Foundation
The Atman Foundation was started by previously high profile Brahma Kumari, Dr. Fittkau-Garthe and become involved controversy in a 1998.
Controversies
Controversies in the Media
It is reported by the British tabloid the Mail on Sunday that the BKWSU has allegedly "used 'pernicious' methods to control its followers", the organisation being "notable for its sex ban". "Former members and the families of members have told me that (BKWSU) has driven a wedge between husband and wife," said Graham Baldwin a cult expert. "There have also been complaints that it encourages single women and widows to donate property and savings".
The Mail on Sunday also quotes Ian Howarth, of the Cult Information Centre as saying: "I have the same concerns about this group that I have about the Moonies. People have come to us complaining that some loved ones who have got involved with it have undergone personality changes and have become alienated from their families." Answering allegations that Brahma Kumaris has wrecked marriages because of its sex ban, a BK spokeswoman is quoted as saying: "This is very much a minority thing. In any organisation there are people who gain a huge amount and that is what you need to focus on." The paper said she declined to comment on allegations that it encourages followers to donate property and savings."
Use of Mediumship
The BKWSU is believed by its members to have been established by Shiva Baba (God-Father Shiva, described as the Supreme Soul and conceived as the one God of all religions) through the medium of the group's founder Lekhraj Kirpalani. From the beginning, the group has used a number of mediums and trance-messengers to receive messages from disincarnate beings or deceased members. According to founding members, followers in the early days, including children, would commonly go into trances, having visions of Krishna and Vaikunth (Golden Age Heaven) and engaging in ecstatic dances for as long as 7 days.[citation needed] In addition, a number of mediumistic female followers known as Sandeshputris (trance messengers) also helped add to the group's spiritual knowledge through psychic visions and direct contact with God. This ability to contact the spiritual realm appears to extend to deceased leaders as well others with an important connection to the group.
The deceased human founder Lekhraj Kirpalani continues to be channelled through a senior sister (Hirdaya Mohini, referred to familiarly as Dadi Gulzar) at the organization's Rajasthan headquarters. The combined presence of the BKWSU's human founder and the disincarnate being the BKWSU claim is God are referred to as BapDada (meaning Father and Elder Brother) by BKs, especially in the context of their manifestation via this trance medium, through which the pair continue to direct the organization to this day.
Academics note the prominence of the surrendered sisters who through their mediumship channel the messages from Shiva and Brahma and so ensure their importance as the instrument, or mouthpieces, of a male spirit.
People associated with the BKWSU
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